The Chinese Giant E Commerce Company - 766 Words

The Chinese giant e-commerce company, Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. (Alibaba), unleashed a controversial scenario since the firm launched on September 2014 its initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Palepu, et al., 2015). Considered the biggest in the history, Alibaba’s IPO raised $21.8m in its debut at an offering price of $68 per share (Figure 1.1). Originally, the company had made attempts to list within the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx). However, it was refused in 2013 as a consequence of a proposal of 28 current â€Å"partners† within the corporate governance. Figure 1.1 How much the biggest IPO raised? Source: Davidson (2014) Alibaba.com provides online sales services around the world from 1999 (Alibaba Group, 2015). Currently, this platform represents a huge, innovative and accessible way to business. Its website allows an effective connection between small and medium sized Chinese companies with international customers. The core concept was to create straightforward links to communicate each party in a trustable and reliable alternative. Revenues came from suppliers who purchased a premium subscription that permitted creation of an online storefront on Alibaba.com featuring â€Å"detailed product information, a virtual tour of the company, and TrustPass verification.† The company changed the traditional way of bargaining and also boosted the Chinese production to be well-know worldwide. Other units of Alibaba were launched later toShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Alibuba In China1093 Words   |  5 Pagesthe year 2016, an e-commerce giant held a one-day sales bonanza that outsold Black Friday and Cyber Monday at all US retailers combined. It was not Amazon’s Prime Day; it was Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba’s â€Å"Singles’ Day Holiday,† in November of 2016, where approximately $17.8 billion worth of goods were sold, according to Business Insider (http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-prime-day-vs-alibaba-singles-day-2017-7). Alibaba, founded in 1999 by Jack Ma to connect Chinese manufacturers to buyersRead MoreAn Analysis of Chinaa E-Commerce Industry1488 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of China’s E-Commerce Industry Introduction A little more than 10 years ago, China’s path to e-commerce leadership would have been difficult to foresee, even as the tech boom in the US and other markets saw the development of e-commerce as an important B2C and C2C channel. In 2000, China had yet to develop any e-commerce applications, and had only 2.1 million total internet users. Payment systems and physical delivery mechanisms to facilitate the development of e-commerce transactions wereRead MoreAlibaba1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbehemoth of Chinese internet and for some the Chinese Amazon has been in news these days for all good reasons. The e-commerce giant has introduced its IPO in NYSE with an offer price of $68.00 per share. The prices increased initially by 30% on the first day of trading taking the market value of the company to $230 billion. Based on the offering price the stocks of Alibaba sold at about 25 times higher than the estimated 2015 underwriter projection. After the first day’s raise the company will haveRead MoreIdentification Of Problem ( S )1206 Words   |  5 Pagescannibalization could have been an issue because both models are very similar to each other. Another problem is to continue to be innovative through their e-c ommerce; they have major competitors such as Alibaba who dominate the market share in China at 50%. The problems found within the company are all solvable with the innovation and success that the company has been creating through their previous years. DECISION CRITERIA Dow Corning offers two brands that target different areas that consumers findRead MoreCase Study Alibaba, Com1272 Words   |  6 PagesAlibaba.com’s Brief Company Background On November 6, 2007, Alibaba.com debuted on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, raising US$1.5 billion to become the world’s biggest Internet stock offering since Google’s initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. On the first trading day, frenzied purchases of the stock pushed prices up to by 193%, the fourth largest first day gain in Hong Kong’s stock exchange in three years. The closing price of US$5.09 per share gave Alibaba.com a value of about US$25.6 billionRead MoreCase Study of Tencent’s E-Commerce Strategy1327 Words   |  6 PagesCase study of Tencent’s E-commerce Strategy Executive Summary Tencent’s E-commerce strategy didn’t work well. The company’s core business is QQ which is an online instant messenger. All of tencent’s other business will be rolled out base upon the QQ. They want people who use QQ can also shop online easily. So they made the strategy according to that point. They developed E-commerce websites which made no difference with Taobao and Tmall but didn’t make them to success. Why does this happen?Read MoreEbay Expansion in China754 Words   |  4 PagesAsia Pacific has totaled revenues of 2.1 billion, representing 49% of aggregate revenues of the company at the time. Seeing the great potential of the Chinese C2C online auction market which back then comprised of 250 million customers, eBay has launched various attempts majoring the acquisition of EachNet in 2003 and the later joint venture with TOM Online, in order to compete in the gigantic Chinese market with domestic powers like Alibaba and Taobao. We want to take turns to discuss the benefitsRead MoreBackground. In The Fast Changing And Increasingly Connected1321 Words   |  6 Pagesmanner anywhere in the world. Companies, such as Alibaba and Amazon, rely on the technological innovations and advancements to build their business models and capitalize on them (Burinskiene, 2013). Alibaba was founded in 1999 by a group of 18 people led by Jack Ma. The company provides an e-commerce platform for global sourcing and trading of millions of products in more than 40 categories in more than 190 countries (Alibaba, n. d.). At the end of 2016, the company reported a revenue of $7.669 billionRead MoreOverview of Electronic Commerce in China Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages3.2 Overview of Electronic Commerce in China 3.2.1 Internet in China In September 1987, the Chinese Academic Network built the first domestic Internet e-mail node and sent out the first e-mail from China. The universities were the first Chinese institutions to connect to the Internet. In 1990, a number of Chinese universities and educational institute including the Ministry of Education were connected. But substantial growth of Internet was not occurred until year 1994, when the National ComputingRead MoreThe And Cross Border E Commerce Website952 Words   |  4 Pagesa very wide range of consumers through C2C e-commerce website, such as Taobao.com, which is absolutely free to start a business. Inspired by this method, the cross-border e-commerce websites try to scale and legalize this market, they list the products on websites which them buy from around the world, and offer them at the optimal price (Xiao, 2016a). So consumers can buy from foreign retailers and suppliers directly. Daigou and cross-border e-commerce website are the typical online gra y markets

Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution Free Essays

The Industrial revolution began in the early 1800s. The industrial revolution could not have happened if the agricultural revolution had not preceded it. During the Agricultural Revolution several inventions that reduced the need for man power were invented. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of those inventions were the Jethro Tull seeding drill and the cotton gin. The seeding drill planted seeds in rows which made the crops easier to manage and harvest. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, it took the seeds out of the cotton. The cotton gin made it so that the work that previously needed to be done y fifty men could now be done by one. An idea of the agricultural revolution was crop rotation. Crop rotation was switching the crops into different fields each year which allowed farmers to produce 25 % more crops and more During the agricultural revolution population went up and less people were needed to work on the farms. There were a lot of people that needed jobs but there were not a lot of jobs for people on farms so the people turned to the cities. The time when people went into the cities looking for jobs which caused the populations of the cities to at east double was called urbanization. During urbanization the city of Manchester in the United kingdom grew from 50,000 people to 500,00 people, this rapid increase of population took place during an extremely short period of time. The United Kingdom became the place where the industrial revolution was born. It happened here because the UK had land, labor, and wealth. Factories arose first in Since there were factories everywhere, there were plenty of jobs for the people. Even though the factories did provide jobs for the people they were not good jobs. People started working as young as the age of six. The average work day was 14-16 hours, and that†s a lot of working hours, especially for a young child. Inside the factories the conditions were absolutely dreadful. The air was full of dust and other things that made it practically unbreathable, the machines were dangerous and often took a persons limbs or injured them in other ways. Because the work days were so long and the workers were practically on their feet the entire day people became deformed and had problems with their legs. Despite all the hard labor and dangers of the work place the workers were still paid next to nothing. Eventually working conditions did improve. One of the things that helped improve conditions were unions. Unions were when all of the workers got together to get things that they wanted, they mainly used collective bargaining to get what they wanted. Another thing that helped improve working conditions were legislative reforms. Legislative reforms helped improve working conditions because they regulated and limited several things such as how old you had to be before you could work, how many ours you could work, and how much you got paid. The government also made sure that the factories were safe for people to be working in so that people did not get hurt by the machines so often. Another thing that changed during the Industrial Revolution was public education. Horace Mann made public education free. It is important that we have free public education because we live in a democratic society and people have to be educated to make wise There were also some more positive effects of all these factories. People began to dress better than they had efore and they owned more possessions because the machines were able to make things that they wanted in larger quantities much faster than if they were hand made. People also had money to purchase things that they Laissez Faire translates to â€Å"let do. † The economy called laissez fair had no governmental controls over the economy. In Laissez Faire free trade was allowed which made for a strong natural economy. Adam Smith was a Laissez Faire economist he wrote â€Å"Wealth of Nations,† and his ideas became the basis for capitalism. Capitalism was an economic system in which oney was invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit. The Laissez Faire economists believed that government controls would ruin the economy. Socialism was the economic system in which the means of production are owned by the public to benefit all equality. Karl Marx was a radical socialist that wrote â€Å"The communist Manifest. † He believed that owners were the â€Å"haves† because they had the money and that the workers were the â€Å"have nots† because they did not have much money. Marx saw this as unfair. He saw history as a class warfare and an overflow of the working class. How to cite Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution, Papers

Deloach 1 Juvenile Criminals This newest phenomeno Essay Example For Students

Deloach 1 Juvenile Criminals This newest phenomeno Essay dddn in the world of crimeis perhaps the most dangerous challenge facing society and law enforcementever. They are younger, more brutal, and completely unafraid of the law. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. Young people, often frombroken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape,robbery, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damagedyoung people, often are the products of sexual or physical abuse. They live inan aimless and violent present and have no sense of the past and no hope forthe future. These young criminals commit unspeakably brutal crimes againstother people, often to gratify whatever urges or desires drive them at themoment and their utter lack of remorse is shocking (Worsham 1997). Studiesreveal that the major cause of violent crime is not poverty but familybreakdown; specifically, the absence of a father in the household. Today,one-fourth of all the children in the United States are living in fatherless homeswhich adds up to 19 million children without fathers. Compared to children intwo parent family homes, these children will be twice as likely to drop out ofschool, twice as likel y to have children out of wedlock, and they stand morethan three times the chance of ending up in poverty, and almost ten timesmore likely to commit violent crime and ending up in jail (Easton 1995). TheHeritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, reported that the rise inviolent crime over the past 30 years runs directly parallel to the rise infatherless families. In every state in our country, according to the Heritagefoundation, the rate for juvenile crime is closely linked to the percentage ofchildren raised in single-parent families. While it has long been thought thatpoverty is the primary cause of crime, the facts simply do not support thisview. Teenage criminal behavior has its roots in habitual deprivation ofparental love and affection going back to early infancy, according to theHeritage Foundation. A fathers attention to his son has enormous positiveeffects on a boys emotional and social development. Deloach 2 But a boyabandoned by his father is deprived of a deep sens e of personal security. In awell-functioning family the very presence of the father embodies authority andthis paternal authority is critical to the prevention of psychopathology anddelinquency . The overwhelming common factor that can be isolated indetermining whether young people will be criminal in their behavior is moralpoverty, Parker says (Parker 1996). Psychologists can predict by the age of6 wholl be the super-predators. According to experts, child abuse andparents addicted to alcohol ruins these childrens lives. Each generation ofcrime-prone boys has been about three times as dangerous as the one beforeit. Psychologists believe the downhill slide into utter moral bankruptcy isabout to speed up because each generation of youth criminals is growing upin more extreme conditions of moral poverty than the one before it. Moralpoverty is defined as growing up surrounded by deviant, delinquent, andcriminal adults in abusive, violence-ridden, fatherless, godless, and joblesssettings . The super-predator is a breed of criminal so dangerous that eventhe older inmates working their way through life sentences complain that theiryouthful counterparts are out of control. Super predators are raised in homesvoid of loving, capable, responsible adults who teach you right from wrong. Itis the poverty of being without parents, guardians, relatives, friends, teachers,coaches, clergy and others who habituate you to feel joy at others joy, painat others pain, happiness when you do right, remorse when you do wrong. Itis the poverty of growing up in the virtual absence of people who teach theselessons by their own everyday example, and who insist that you follow suitand behave accordingly (Zoglin 1996). The need to rebuild and resurrect thecivil society (families, churches, community groups) of high-crime,drug-plagued urban neighborhoods is not an intellectual or researchhypothesis that requires testing. Its a moral and social imperative thatrequires doing and doing now (Duin 1996). A super predator is actually ayoung psychopath or psychotic, almost completely without Deloach 3ambition, and are often of below average intelligence. They do not recognize,intellectually or otherwise, any rules of society. While psychopaths and thesuper-predator both share the inability to feel emotion, the psychopath canfeign it to achieve a result. The super predator seems completely incapable ofeven that. More interestingly, the super predator is remarkably candid. Theywill more often than not admit not only to their crimes, but also as to the why. .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 , .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .postImageUrl , .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 , .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:hover , .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:visited , .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:active { border:0!important; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:active , .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569 .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud86755ee1bad5f00a53d1e40dd4c0569:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mayan Civilization Essay They feel as if nothing wrong was done and would do it again if placed in thesame situation. When asked what was triggering the explosion of violenceamong todays young street criminals, a group of life-term New Jerseyprisoners did not voice the conventional explanations such as economicpoverty or joblessness. Instead, these hardened men cited the absence ofpeople family, adults, teachers, preachers, coaches who would care enoughabout young males to nurture and discipline them (Zoglin 1996). Even moreshocking than the sheer volume of violent juvenile crime is the brutality of thecrime committed for trivial motives: a pair of sneakers, a jacket, a real orimagined insult, and a momentary cheap thrill. For example: a 59-year-oldman out on a morning stroll in Lake Tahoe was fatally shot four times byteenagers looking for someone to scare. The police say the four teenagers,just 15 and 16 years old, were thrill shooting. Another example can be thecase of a 12-year-old and two other youths were charged with kidnapping a57-year-old man and taking a joy ride in his Toyota. As the man pleaded forhis life, the juveniles shot him to death (Duin 1996). Deloach 4 Works Cited1. Duin, Julia Alarm over crime puts focus on our nations moral crisis., TheWashington Times, 11-17-1996, pp 31. 2. Easton, Nina J The CrimeDoctor Is In; But Not Everyone Likes Professor. JohnDiIulios Message,There Is No Big Fix; Home Edition., Los Angeles Times, 05-02-1995, ppE-1. 3. Parker, Shafer, Violence With a Youthful Face.., Vol. 23, AlbertaReport /Western Report, 06-17-1996, pp 27. 4. Richard Zoglin ReportedBy Sam Allis/Boston And Ratu Kamlani, New York, Crime: Now For theBad News: A Teenage Time Bomb , TIME, 01-15-1996, pp 52+. 5. Worsham, James-Blakely, Stephen-al, et, Crime and Drugs., Vol. 85,Nations Business, 02-01-1997, pp 24. Deloach 4 Works Cited 1. Duin, Julia Alarm over crime puts focus on ournations moral crisis., The Washington Times, 11-17-1996, pp 31. 2. Easton, Nina J The Crime Doctor Is In; But Not Everyone Likes Professor. JohnDiIulios Message, There Is No Big Fix; Home Edition., Los AngelesTimes, 05-02-1995, pp E-1. 3. Parker, Shafer, Violence With a YouthfulFace.., Vol. 23, Alberta Report /Western Report, 06-17-1996, pp 27. 4. Richard Zoglin Reported By Sam Allis/Boston And Ratu Kamlani, NewYork, Crime: Now For the Bad News: A Teenage Time Bomb , TIME,01-15-1996, pp 52+. 5. Worsham, James-Blakely, Stephen-al, et, Crimeand Drugs., Vol. 85, Nations Business, 02-01-1997, pp 24. Bibliography:

Security Guard free essay sample

A security guard (or security officer) is a person who is paid to protect property, assets and people. Security guards are usually privately and formally employed personnel. Often, security officers are uniformed and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm systems or video cameras) for signs of crime, fire or disorder, then taking action and reporting any incidents to their client and emergency services as appropriate. Since at least the Middle Ages in Europe, the term watchman was more commonly applied to this function. This term was carried over to North America where it was interchangeable with night-watchman until both terms were replaced with the modern security-based titles. Security guards are sometimes regarded as fulfilling a private policing function. Chapter 1 The Security Guard is the person who is guarding and protecting either facility or people. We will write a custom essay sample on Security Guard or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Usually the security guard are working under another company or organization which are dealing mostly with security, but sometime they can be part of the same organization which require the security guard to be there. Most of the time they are taking care of the order and protecting the facilities from anyone who want to enter to the place without any permission so they will stop the person and ask for the reason before let him or her to enter the place, also sometime they will not allow anyone to enter unless they get the order from the manger or the chief directly then the pass will be granted. Moreover, the security guard is given the work and orders from the manager or the admin person who is in charge of them to take care of the organization or the building by moving around the place for checking or whatever there is any suspicion thing should be reported or take an immediate action. In addition, some places require from the security guard to guide the visitors where to park their cars and in what position all this to control the safety in that place and to avoid whatever danger could happen. Also some places require from all the visitors to register their names, positions, date/time and where they are going so they will be provided with a visit card so they can enter. On the other hand, some places they do physical checking before entering like checking the bag or the pockets if it’s necessary and if there is more than one person sometime they will allow only one to enter not all of them. All of this is because of the importance of security and it is different from one place to another place depending on what is the requirement needed for the security. With most of the security guards or the security company should take a standard training that can make them fit and ready to take the position of security guard because if it is not done then it will cause a lot of problems and security issues for everyone due to not enough training which is required for such a position. Finally, the security guard position need a lot of things so he can do his work in a proper way so, he will need other equipment like for example security camera, a phone or a mobile, a uniform to be recognized and many other things which will help for the work to be done in a professional way because mistakes in this work is dangerous. Chapter 2 There is a lot of advantages of having security system and also security guards. By having the security guards we can be safe in different ways like: †¢ Money saving †¢ Assets and property protecting †¢ People safety †¢ Preventing more damage if there is an accident If something happen like if someone want to break in or want to steal from some place then the security guard make it very difficult or even stop it from happing, while if the security guard not available then it will be very easy to break in to any place and steal or even make the business in lose. Moreover, it is very important to have security guards as they can reduce the risk, as if there is a fire they will give the proper guidance to the people where to go, moving important thing to a safety place and try to protect whatever is possible until the firemen are arrived then provide them for whatever they want until they put off the fire. Also the security guards they not only for protecting places or people but also to provide information or guidance to anyone who ask or someone is lost and he don’t know where to go. On the other hand, they can be as the source of the needed information especially when there is no one available at the place like the holidays or late night. When a place is a having the security guards with their system it is appearing to be more professional rather than any other place which they don’t have the security guards system because we can observe that anyone can just be there without anyone can notice and that because everyone is busy with their work and there is no time to check for anything except it is an emergency then all they will stop to work. Chapter 3 The difficulties that the security guards are facing with their work can be like: †¢ Having a small pay or salary †¢ Ignorance †¢ Lack of opportunities †¢ Blaming from others A lot of pressure In this kind of profession the security guard can work but with small salary which they receive from the companies or the places for the services that they provide, it is not all of them but most of them because in some other places or organization they pay very well for the security guards but it’s not all because the majority is a small pay. More over, for the services and for their protection that they provide they don’t get a lot of attention from others either the visitors or the responsible people in the place of work or even outside the place of work. In addition, this kind of work have a lack of opportunities of growing or to be in better position and this can be from less amount of training or even education which is helping a lot when someone want to improve. Also there is some time when the security guards get all the blaming from others for something even it’s not their mistake but they keep getting this blaming like why you did not do this and that while it is not listed in his agenda to do so. When something happen at that time they will remember the security guards but if there is nothing happening no one even thanking them or even talk to them and appreciate of what they are doing. On the other hand, the environment which the security guards are performing their duty could be very bad for them in terms of their health and the mentality because they can work in extremely hot or cold places or sometime dangerous places, also the place of work could be very good but they can get a lot of pressure and be strict on them from the management which could lead to negative behaving. Conclusion For now we know the importance of the security guards, availability and the needful that they have. Even though they are facing problems and difficulties but for them to be around it is a must especially for certain places. We need them among us for protection, safety and to be as a guide, whenever we be in a position which is unsafe or in a worry we will remember the security guards and ask for their protection or a solution for different matters. So this profession is like any other important profession in our life.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold

Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold Gold is an element that was known to ancient man and has always been prized for its color. It was used as jewelry in prehistoric times, alchemists spent their lives trying to transmute other metals into gold, and it is still one of the most prized metals.   Gold  Basics Atomic Number: 79Symbol: AuAtomic Weight: 196.9665Discovery: known since prehistoric timeElectron Configuration: [Xe]6s14f145d10Word Origin: Sanskrit Jval; Anglo-Saxon gold; meaning gold - also Latin aurum, shining dawnIsotopes: There are 36 known isotopes of gold ranging from Au-170 to Au-205. There is only one stable isotope of gold: Au-197. Gold-198, with a half-life of 2.7 days, has been used to treat cancer and other illnesses. Gold  Physical Data Density (g/cc): 19.3Melting Point ( °K): 1337.58Boiling Point ( °K): 3080Appearance: soft, malleable, yellow metalAtomic Radius (pm): 146Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 10.2Covalent Radius (pm): 134Ionic Radius: 85 (3e) 137 (1e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.129Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 12.68Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): ~340Debye Temperature ( °K): 170.00Pauling Negativity Number: 2.54First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 889.3Oxidation States: 3, 1. The oxidation states -1, 2 and 5 exist but are rare.Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)Lattice Constant (Ã…): 4.080Specific Gravity (20 °C): 18.88CAS Registry Number: 7440-57-5 Properties In mass, gold is a yellow-colored metal, although it may be black, ruby, or purple when finely divided. Gold is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is not affected by exposure to air or to most reagents. It is inert and a good reflector of infrared radiation. Gold is usually alloyed to increase its strength. Pure gold is measured in troy weight, but when gold is alloyed with other metals the term karat is used to express the amount of gold present. Common Uses for Gold Gold is used in coinage and is the standard for many monetary systems. It  is used for jewelry, dental work, plating, and reflectors. Chlorauric acid (HAuCl4) is used in photography for toning silver images. Disodium aurothiomalate, administered intramuscularly, is a treatment for arthritis. Where Gold Is Found   Gold is found as the free metal and in tellurides. It is widely distributed and almost always associated with pyrite or quartz. Gold is found in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold occurs in sea water in the amount of 0.1 to 2 mg/ton, depending on the location of the sample. Gold Trivia Gold is one of the few elements that can be found in its native state.Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal. One ounce of gold can be beaten out to 300 ft2 or stretched into a wire 2000 kilometers long (1 ÃŽ ¼m thick).The melting point of gold is an assigned value, which serves as a calibration point for the International Temperature Scale and International Practical Temperature Scale.The gold ion in the 1 oxidation state (Au(I)) is called the aurous ion.The gold ion in the 3 oxidation state (Au(III)3) is called the auric ion.Compounds containing gold in the -1 oxidation state are called aurides. (Cesium and rubidium can form auride compounds)Gold is one of the noble metals. Noble metal is an alchemical term for metals that do not corrode under normal conditions.Gold is the seventh most dense metal.Metallic gold has no odor or taste.Gold has been used as jewelry since prehistoric times. Today, gold in jewelry is not pure gold. Jewelry gold is made of many different gold alloys . Gold is resistant to most acids. The acid aqua regia is used to dissolve gold.Elemental gold metal is considered non-toxic and occasionally used as a food additive.Transmuting lead into gold was one of the major gold of the alchemists. Modern nuclear chemists have found methods to accomplish this historic task.​ References   Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Causes of Stress Among School Teachers

Causes of Stress Among School Teachers The effects of stress upon a persons life can be profound. Different studies have shown that job related stress affects work satisfaction and over all happiness. Increasing stress is becoming recognized occupational hazard in the educational profession. In a country like Pakistan we cannot ignore the situation in educational setting. Teachers` agitations and class boycotts are common practice that shows their dissatisfaction. Both quantity and quality of education are not good. There may be many causes of stress in teachers. To investigate the causes and the nature of stress is of vital importance for improving the quality of education. The present study will be an effort to investigate the causes of stress and to get an orientation of how to explore it on a larger scale. Statement of the problem: The proposed study will investigate the causes of stress among school teachers. Significance of the study: Receiving little practical attention from governmental side education department especially school situation is very bad. Working staff in school is very much frustrated and every one from principal to lowest rank servant complains about his status and neglected condition. It is clear that every one face some kind of stress which is evident in his lake of interest in job. This disinterestedness leads to poor teaching environment and also creates administrative problems for the head of the institution. To improve the situation in school it is must to create stress free environment. But nothing can be improved without knowing the factors involved in creating stress among the staff especially the teachers who are responsible for the better running of the system. So this study will be very important for those who are concerned with the education system; e.g. the following can take help of this study: Heads of educational institutions Education planners Education department Society stakeholders who thinks teachers accountable Delimitations of the study: The research will follow the conceptual theoretical framework developed on the basis of review of related literature. However, the study will restrict itself to primary investigation of government high schools only in district Peshawar only. Hypotheses of the study: The following hypotheses will be tested: there is significant difference between salary of teachers and the level of stress there is significant difference between level of stress and traveling to reach  their place of duty. there is significant difference between personal conflict among teachers and stress in teachers there is significant difference between class size and stress in teachers there is significant difference between level of stress in teachers and lengthy courses there is significant difference between level of stress in teachers and Heavy work load on them there is significant difference between level of stress in teachers and Authoritarian behavior of the principal there is significant dif ference between level of stress in teachers and lake of rule and discipline in school there is significant difference between level of stress in teachers and lake of community support Sample of the study: Since the research will be restricted to schools of one district only, therefore to see the meaningful effect the sample will comprise 60% of the whole population of teachers in the district.

The Tesco Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Tesco Management - Essay Example â€Å"Tesco started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr. Cohen recorded a profit of  £1 from total sales of  £4 on his first day.† The brand Tesco first appeared in the year 1924 when Jack Cohen supposedly bought a tea shipment from Mr. T. E Stockwell. The year 1929 marked the opening of a store in North London and the company rapidly developed from there on. The head quarters of the company was first established in North London in the 1930s. In the year 1932 the company became a private limited company, another feather in the cap of Tesco.Expansion of the CompanyThe expansion of the company traces back to the year 1950 when the company quickly bought rival shops so as to expand and compete with other Giants. In another endeavor to do so, the company bought as many as 70 William stores and an unprecedented 200 Harrow stores. 1960s saw a revolution in the supermarket trend, the stores started selling more products in larger shops and Tesco was quick to capitalize on the very same opportunity. In the year 1961, the Guinness book of records acknowledged that Tesco was the largest store in the whole of Europe and more growth followed as the company opened another Superstore in Sussex. â€Å"Supermarkets once and for all changed the way people shopped and by the 1970s Tesco was building a national store network to cover the whole of the UK, which it continues to expand to this day, while also making other products available to its customers.†Ã¢â‚¬  (A History of Tesco) The company recorded annual sale of ?1bn in the year 1979 and the sales doubled by the year 1982. The year 1987 was historical for the company as the company completed a successful takeover of their supermarket rivals Hillards for a whopping ?220m. The term superstore was an alien term but Tesco was the first company to introduce this term, the term referred to two aspects of the company, namely the size of their store and secondly the vast choice of inexpensive food and other items to choose from. The appearance of the stores mattered a lot and in order to ensure that the stores looked great, the company spent massive amount in order to put some daylight between their competitors. The company also took into account the parking space for the customers and ensured that their customers were provided with enough space and a wide range of products to choose from. The company was the first to install enhanced lightning and also widened its aisles. The company extensively worked on providing its customers with fresh food items to choose from. The company stopped depending on the manufacturers by opening a centralized warehouse to cater to the demands of its various stores spread across the whole of Europe. The company teamed up with Marks & Spencer to establish stores in all major cities, in an attempt to do so the company established a 65,000 square foot superstore which

Utilitarian Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Utilitarian - Case Study Example In utilitarianism, ethical behavior implies acting in the interests of the larger group, even if one must sacrifice one’s own interests to do so, just as Posner did in the film. The welfare of the group matters not the individual. According to Mill, higher pleasures are logical or intellectual while lower pleasures are concerned with the physical needs. The role of pleasure is to provide happiness. Showing compassion for the society helps an individual care for the community in which he or she lives. Compassion is very significant to an individual in that it makes them realize the meaning and purpose of life, which is to be happy. This is because since every person wants to be happy, they will do anything to avoid misery and suffering. Virtues are important because they help human beings to derive pleasure in their actions, have uniformity in the way they act, and act promptly which in turn will result to peaceful co-existence, thus everybody will be happy about the life they live. Posner is following the principle of act utilitarianism in that he desires to die so that he does not cause financial constrain to his family. John Stuart Mill would support this principle because it aims to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest

Chronically Mentally III Population Essay Example for Free

Chronically Mentally III Population Essay The main focus of state and federal policies lies on the provision of support and long-term care services to the individuals with significant disabilities or those who are very old. These individuals, almost one and a half million, are taken care of in the nursing homes and Medicaid covers almost half of the total cost charged by nursing homes for their institutionalization (Tallon, 2007). While the total population of this special group of individuals only accounted for only 7 percent of the total population supported by Medicaid, it became expensive for Medicaid to support them as they accounted for almost half of the total expenditure of Medicaid. Policy makers therefore focus on changing the predominant service locus to community and home based from nursing homes (Diamond, 2009). Deinstitutionalization of individuals suffering from chronically mentally ill differs depending on the objectives and policies adopted from time to time. However, the interventions used to deinstitutionalize chronically mentally ill patients tend to share some lessons and parallels. History of chronically mentally ill population As state objectives and policies change over time, the history of the chronically mentally ill population in the United States has experienced significant transitions. Initial interventions, as from 1955 to 1980, policies and objectives were aimed at moving the chronically mentally ill individuals from the public mental hospitals owned by the state (Tallon, 2007). As a result of these efforts, the population of individuals residing in public mental health facilities reduced to 154,000 from 159,000 (Tallon, 2007). Later, there were approaches aimed at expanding and improving an array of services as well as supportive measures for chronically mentally ill in the community. There was massive closure of whole institutions which resulted to an increased emphasis on the rights which secured integration of the community. The rights that were emphasized included the right to have equitable access to housing (Bailey, 1999). States could fund small pilot programs since the community for those individuals who positively responded to antipsychotic agents which begun to be available. Thereafter, the national deinstitutionalization movement officially got launched through the programs for community mental health centers in 1965 (Tallon, 2009). Concerns over institutional conditions and the rights of citizens propelled further the need for the movement. The courts then limited the number of involuntary institutions and set minimum standards that were critical for institutional care (Diamond, 2009). The shift by states between sites of institutional care was fuelled by federal policy. The Commission on Mental Health Centers Construction (CMHC) program was intensively expanded in 1970s (Tallon, 2009). The coverage for Medicare and Medicaid was wide and it included mental healthcare services. Income support was mainly provided by the SSI (Supplement Security Income) program as well as the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) (Tallon, 2009). The psychiatrist beds in community care increased in number after federal Medicaid provided sufficient funds as incentives. This saw the state moving individuals to the nursing home thus capturing the reimbursement from Medicaid which was not easy to find in mental hospitals of the states. In general, the overall progress of institutionalizing became immensely slow as the resources that were critical for community care. Until 1993, there were relatively fewer mental health dollars controlled by the state which served to assist in community care programs other than other state institution (Tallon, 2009). Although promising models of successful community care were provided and experimented, these models were rarely evaluated with rigor. They were also rarely integrated into the standard models (Tallon, 2009). The Nature of Chronically Mentally Ill Chronically mentally ill individuals suffer from bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, recurrent and sever depression as well as other several conditions which worsen their quality of living. A number of mental illnesses exist where some of them include schizophrenia, depression, dementia and bi-polar disorder (Szwabo, 2007). Individuals suffering from chronically mentally illnesses may present signs such as mental disturbances but these presentations vary depending on the type of disorder and age. Chronic mental illness produces major impairments in human functioning for a long period of time which normally covers the entire life span of an individual. For the chronically mentally ill individuals to get attention from the society, they require to negotiate with policy makers about a bureaucratic maze (Szwabo, 2007). A very ugly history about the chronically mentally ill patients exists where individuals used to be locked up and then forgotten. Today, there has been an emergence of state of the art hospitals, thanks to the historical forces (Bailey, 1999). The chronically mentally ill however, have been reported to face serious problems including incarcerations in the system of the criminal justice. This indicates how history is repeating itself and moving back to the pre-asylum ages when chronically mentally used to be locked in almshouses (Szwabo, 2007). However, the shift in the locus and pattern of mental healthcare that arise from the deinstitutionalization forces have all resulted in the missing link between the problem definition and modern efforts used to address the problem (Diamond, 2009). There also seems to be a lack of consensus on the clear mark lines which best define the chronically mentally ill individuals. There are no clear boundaries which can serve as a scientific guideline for national policy making process. Today’s approaches of treatment of the chronically mentally ill have incorporated trans-institutionalization, increased support from the family and the shunting into the system of criminal system (Szwabo, 2007). It is apparent that this special population seriously requires socialization, in-patient care and shelter. Common Clinical Issues and Interventions in the management of chronically mentally ill individuals Care provision to the chronically mentally ill needs adequate planning, trained and committed healthcare providers from both clinical and social capacities and financing programming. There are many issues which need to be resolved in order to tackle challenges facing effective management of chronically mentally ill patients. Some of these issues are parity for mental healthcare services, availability of mental healthcare provider, care planning and broader case management coverage, education and training in mental health, and warehousing of the patients (Szwabo, 2007). Lack of parity continues to be an issue in the provision of healthcare among mental healthcare providers. This is due to the low amount of reimbursement made to social and nursing work. There is an intense lobby for social workers and advanced nurses to be reimbursed differently. There is also an inadequacy for the provision mental healthcare services. For instance, the reimbursement for the psychotropic which is an essential part of chronically medically ill is still inadequate (Szwabo, 2007). There is need to provide medical treatments apart from the psychiatric treatment interventions. However, major problems such as lack of adequate geriatrics to address the rising population of the aged have always been a weakness to the management of chronically mentally ill patients. It is also observed that attending to chronically mentally ill patients in nursing homes require access to suitable mental healthcare amenities. Unfortunately in many situations, access to living facilities, programs, trained staff and oversight becomes difficult to afford. Education and training for mental healthcare professions is inadequate as they lack facilities for long-term care (Bailey, 1999). It then appears that most managed care programs for chronically mentally ill patients are poorly managed, designed and therefore do not offer the required standards. The traditional mental healthcare systems only focus on reducing the costs of operation while failing to address the important element of patient care. In a capitated mental healthcare, the systems prompt physicians and other caregivers to limit medications to the least minimum in an effort to only manage overt symptoms. The practice literally condemns chronically mentally ill patient to medical starvation doses (Bailey, 1999). Summary and Future Considerations While the incidences of chronically mentally illnesses have increased and their prevalence well documented, there are still problems related to the use and access of general medical care. For effective management of chronically mentally illness in the future, there should be proper education for the healthcare providers about the condition. Service planning, outreach and assessment are also important elements in improving the way the condition is being managed. Mental healthcare providers should perform good service delivery monitoring and advocacy. In case of limitations of healthcare providers, psychiatric nurses can take the roles of consultation and supervision. The nurse can also execute roles as a nurse practitioner and deliver services in primary care. In the society, members of the family having an individual suffering from the condition should not neglect him or her. Instead, they should care for and encourage the patients.

How Radios Work :: radio

Radios are the most common wireless item in existence and are in most homes. We use them for entertainment, communication, as an information source, or even just back ground noise. For many of us radios are almost a necessity, but how much do we know about how they function? Antennas are one of the key pieces to a radio. Antennas come in a variety of shapes and sizes; they vary from large arrays to a small wire. Much of this variance is based on the broad use of radio waves and practicality; for instance you wouldn't use an antenna from a small radio to send a signal to a satellite. Antennas work by creating a resonating flow of charge along its element. The resonance is caused by a magnetic field fluctuating through an inductor that is fixed to a capacitor. As a magnetic field fluctuates across a conductor it causes charges to move. This motion causes an electro magnetic wave. The relations between the electricity and magnetism are explained by Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations are four equations that relate magnetic fields electric fields and charges and current. A radio wave is an electro magnetic wave. We modulate them using three different modulations, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and pulse modulation, to carry information. For frequency modulation slight variances are made in the frequency of the wave to represent different bits of information. This is widely used because it is less likely to have static. For amplitude modulation the height or amplitude of the wave is changed to contain information. Amplitude modulation is not only used by radio stations but it is also used to send the picture part of television. Pulse modulation is where there are breaks in the wave to indicate the desired information. This is usually used for morse code but can be used for a few other things as well. According to maxwell's equations radio waves travel at the speed of light. The magnitude of a wave will decrease at a rate of r^2. Where r is the distance from the origin. This is because the wave is propagates in all directions so the same amount of energy spreads out over a greater area. But how can we get signals from beyond the horizon? Today we could use satellites, but you can also bounce a radio wave off of parts of the upper atmosphere. This can be done because the sun ionizes levels of upper atmosphere.

The opinions of Mill and Kant

Mill’s utilitarianism on Kant and Baxter’s argumentsIn John Stuart Mill’s arguments for utilitarianism, it can be observed that his concept of that which is â€Å"good† corresponds to the maximization of utility, or the promotion of the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Further, Mill maintains that right actions are those that primarily promote happiness while on the other hand actions that result to the reverse of happiness are wrong actions.At this point, it should be noted that Mill is arguing for the centrality of a form of consequentialism in his conception of actions and their resulting moral worth. That is, the moral worth or value of the actions of man can be assessed through the very consequences that they give rise to.As human conduct is essentially directed by the quest for happiness or utility, Mill elaborates further that the very directive of men to acquire happiness does not refer to individual happiness or the happiness of each pe rson taken singularly but rather to the collective happiness or the happiness for the greatest number of people. Among the numerous possible manifestations of such happiness that may be perceived, he further argues that the greatest happiness is to be sought after in connection to the greatest number of individuals. From this point, we are to analyze the arguments raised by Immanuel Kant and William Baxter on the aspect of rational agents juxtaposed with the issue of pollution.Both Kant and Baxter resort to the claim that men as rational agents should occupy the central role in ethical considerations. Prior to Baxter, Kant has already maintained that human beings, as agents imbued with and the capacity to reason, should not be treated as the means to possible or given ends. Rather what Kant strongly proposes is that human beings should be considered as the very ends themselves in the course of the actions of every individual. On the other hand, Baxter strongly argues in line with th e Kantian prescription for the acts of man. That is, man’s actions should be that which is what one ought to do.Mill will most likely tell us that Baxter’s conclusions do not eventually promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in the immediate consequences of man’s actions towards the environment. Mill’s utilitarian principles will maintain that Baxter’s conclusions on the scope of environmental ethics merely prescribe what men ought to do.This prescription, when applied to several environmental issues such as man’s hunting for rare animals for the therapeutic values of their body parts, will most likely condemn the given example and other related instances. However, Mill will argue that, since the gathering of the body parts of such a rare animal will most likely contribute to the betterment and eventual happiness of the greatest number of human beings, the act in itself is a right act. The apparent consequences of s uch an action are deemed with the greatest amount of merit in classifying such action as morally right.For the most part, Mill might have instead argued for the claim that even if pollution becomes a result of the actions of man towards his environment, these same actions should be taken if it promotes the greatest degree of happiness for the greatest number of individuals as its consequence.Mill’s arguments cannot in any way directly support and uphold the ethical guidelines set forth by both Kant and Baxter in seeking the proper conduct for the status quo of the environment.Mill’s utilitarianism on Carr’s â€Å"Is Business Bluffing Ethical?†One essential feature of the utilitarian ethical doctrine is that its moral point of view rests firmly on the consequences of the actions made. That is, an action is then to be categorized as either good or bad depending on the consequence or result of the action intended. However, what differentiates the utilitarian principles from other ethical or moral tenet is that the former further qualifies the outcome of the actions as good in terms of maximum benefits conferred by the deed.In a sense, a good action, then, is one which has maximized benefits or advantages not to oneself but, more importantly, to the most number of individuals as well in the end. Thus, in essence, such doctrine of utilitarianism can be briefly summarized as one that seeks to establish â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number.In adopting the principles being set forth by utilitarianism one is inclined to embrace the belief that the welfare of the majority is being taken with utmost concern and that, parallel to such aspect of utilitarianism, the greatest happiness or the benefit of the most number of people is seen as fitting enough to further accept the ethical theory of utilitarianism. The relative consequences in adopting these principles highlight a connection to the modern world inasmuch as the welfare of the majority rather than the individual is deemed to outweigh personal motives.Thus, the extent of Mill’s conception of the utilitarian doctrine will firmly hold that business bluffing is ethical so long as it promotes the good of the majority through the greatest good such an action is able to produce.For instance, when company executives are tasked to manage dealings or negotiations with fellow executives, customers, government authorities, labor groups, or the department heads of the same company the executives work in, they can resort to many forms of deception. The act of deceiving these â€Å"other† people in terms of its moral value can be analyzed through the apparent consequences such a conduct is able to make materialize.Especially in cases wherein the fate of the whole company or the status of the entire structure of the line of laborers is at stake, business bluffing is deemed right if and only if it is able to sustain the welfare of the general members of the company as its immediate consequence.Or even in the smallest of the departments in a business establishment, the relative gains of that small unit when taken as a whole should be reason enough, at least in Mill’s utilitarian approach, to pursue actions that will ensure the greatest gains for the greatest number in that department. These actions, in turn, are qualified as ethical and, hence, right under the utilitarian perspective as far as Carr’s notion on the extent of cases where the business â€Å"player† resorts to bluffing is concerned.On the other hand, the extent in which Mill will contradict Carr’s proposals for deception rests on the situation wherein bluffing does not promote the general welfare but instead advances the personal aims of the executive. In such cases, even if there are positive consequences for the businessman, the fact that the relative gains of the businessman for his own goes against the utilitarian principle of the maximizati on of the good. It ignores the crucial part of utilitarianism that prescribes actions which ensures the furtherance of the welfare of the majority.Thus, such an instance is essentially unethical inasmuch as it is not right as far as the tenets of utilitarianism are concerned.Kant’s ethical theory on DeJardins and Duska’s â€Å"Drug Testing in Employment†In order to analyze DeJardins and Duska’s claims in the article, an understanding of Kantian ethics should first be noted. Kantian ethics can be roughly started with the presumption that if we are to strictly follow the assertion that the goal of the lives of men is the attainment of happiness in general, then every individual will most likely be inclined to seek personal gratification so as to arrive at happiness.Nevertheless, the attainment of happiness is not entirely within the human capacity and that its actuality can be interpreted as a matter of chance that depends primarily on the varying capacitie s of man. No universal assurance on the attainment of happiness can then be seen. Consequently, by trying to remove cynicism and nihilism and by allowing the ethical norms of man to occupy the actions of all, it is necessary for these ethical doctrines to be unconditional such that there should be no exceptions and universal in the sense that these tenets should be applicable to every human being.Kant proceeds with his idea of the good will by defining it as a will that operates for the sake of duty and as a â€Å"good-in-itself†. For the most part, the concept of duty is central to the ethical precepts of Kant which he regards crucial by considering the difference that dwell between actions in accordance with duty and actions performed for the sake of duty. For Kant, the latter phrase is the only one that bears moral worth implying a greater moral worth in man’s actions that result from a person’s greater disinclination to act merely for the sake of duty. That is, if a person is motivated to do a certain act simply because one is entirely inclined to do such an act, then the act itself is considered to be bereft of moral worth.Duty for Kant is the inevitability or necessity of functioning out of a strict observation for laws that are universal. Consequently, the worth or value of the action done by the individual in terms of moral precepts is essentially drawn from the intention of the action thereby stressing the content of the actions in terms of intent as significant. This content can be further expressed in two manners. The first states that there are maxims or imperatives that stipulate that there are acts based on the desires of the individual. This is what Kant calls the hypothetical imperative. On the other hand, those which are based on reason and not merely dependent on one’s desires belong to the categorical imperative. The latter type deals with what ought to be done.All these can be roughly transposed and summarized in to Kant’s conception of the practical imperative that claims that one ought to act to treat human beings as ends in themselves and never merely as a means to any given end, whether the individual is the self or another person.Thus, in line with the arguments proposed by the authors of Drug testing in Employment, Kant will very well argue that drug testing among employees in companies is unethical for the reason that it treats the employees as mere objects or means in achieving the ends of set forth by the company. The delicate private information that are to be obtained from the drug tests, moreover, gives rise to the possibility that these information can be manipulated for sinister ploys even if the protection of these information is given due recognition.Moreover, as the authors of the article suggest, drug use is not always job relevant. If this is the case, then information concerning drug use is not relevant as well hence leading to the observation that drug tests are i rrelevant and that these only impair the centrality of man as the end for every action.The reason to these claims rests on two crucial aspects. First is that the practical imperative will not allow the treatment of the employees as schemes for the purpose of the upkeep of the employment status of the employer or of the company. Second is that drug testing undermines the rights of the employee thus, relegating our attention back to the first reason, undermining as well their existence as human beings and rational agents.ReferenceMill, J. S. (1863). What Utilitarianism Is. In Utilitarianism (pp. 4-16).

Compensated Demand Curve

The Compensated Demand Curve Definition: the compensated demand curve is a demand curve that ignores the income effect of a price change, only taking into account the substitution effect. To do this, utility is held constant from the change in the price of the good. In this section, we will graphically derive the compensated demand curve from indifference curves and budget constraints by incorporating the substitution and income effects, and use the compensated demand curve to find the compensating variation. Let us consider a price increase for a normal good, a good whose demand increases as income increases. In Figure 7. e. 1, assume that the price of Y (PY) is $1, and that the individual has an income of $100. The initial price of X (PX) is $1, so the individual’s initial budget constraint is therefore BC1, with a vertical intercept of 100, and a horizontal intercept of 100. The individual reaches his optimum (maximizes utility) at point A, where his initial budget constrai nt BC1 is tangent to the indifference curve IC1.Let’s say that at this point, he maximizes his utility by consuming 43 units of good X. If PX increases from $1 to $2, his budget constraint will rotate inward until it reaches BC2 where there is now a horizontal intercept of 50. The individual now reaches his new optimum where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to BC2 at the point B, where he maximizes his utility by consuming 18 units of good X. We can use these points to plot a demand curve for good X: According to Figure 7. e. 1, when PX is $1, the individual maximizes utility at point A where he consumes 43 units of X.This information can be replotted on a curve showing the relationship between the price of X and the quantity of X consumed (figure 7. e. 2). At a price of $1, the individual will consume 43 units of X, so the point A will replot on figure 7. e. 2 as the point A’. Similarly at point B, at a price of $2, the individual will consume 18 units of X, so t he point B will replot on figure 7. e. 2 as the point B’. If we connect A’ and B’ together, we will get the ordinary demand curve for good X In order to obtain the compensated demand curve, we must first observe 2 effects that take place as PX increases:Substitution Effect: when Px increases from $1 to $2, X becomes relatively more expensive than Y, so the individual consumes less X. To show the substitution effect, we must hold the individual’s utility constant. To do this, we draw a budget constraint BC3 that is parallel to BC2 and shift it up until it is just tangent to a point on his original indifference curve (IC1). This occurs at point C, where the consumer is consuming 29 units of X. The substitution effect is the movement from point A to CIncome Effect: because Px has increased, the individual’s purchasing power has decreased, and thus has less money to spend on both X and Y. Because X is a normal good, the individual will consume more as his income increases. The individual will reach an optimum at point B where he will consume 18 units of X. The income effect is the movement from point C to B To summarize, Total effect = Substitution Effect + Income Effect = A to C +C to B We have already found the ordinary demand curve by replotting points A and B as points A’ and B’.In essence, this is the total effect of the increase in PX. Because the compensated demand curve assumes that utility is held constant, it only shows the substitution effect. Therefore, we simply have to replot points A and C. We have already determined that point A replots as A’ at a price of $1 and a quantity of 43. At point C, the individual consumes 29 units at a price of $2; so we can replot this point as point C’ on figure 7. e. 2. If we connect these 2 points together, we get the compensated demand curve. We can prove that good X is a normal good. One way to do it is to look at Figure 7. e. and notice that between po ints B and C, as income increases, the consumption of good X increases, which fits the definition of a normal good. Another way is to look at the compensated demand curve and compare it with the ordinary demand curve. The compensated demand curve in figure 7. e. 2 is steeper than the ordinary demand curve. When this condition holds, good X is a normal good. We can also use the compensated demand curve to find the compensating variation. The compensating variation is the amount of money required to restore an individual to his original utility level when prices change.In figure 7. e. 2, it is represented by the area between the two prices, and left of the compensated demand curve – it is the sum of areas S and T. Meanwhile the change in consumer surplus is simply the area between the two prices and left of the ordinary demand curve – it is the area S ———————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ †¢ Next, consider a price decrease for an inferior good, a good whose demand decreases as income increases.In Figure 7. e. 3, assume that the price of Y (PY) is $1, and that the individual has an income of $100. The initial price of X (PX) is $2, so the individual’s initial budget constraint is therefore BC1, with a vertical intercept of 100, and a horizontal intercept of 50. The individual reaches his optimum (maximizes utility) at point A, where his initial budget constraint BC1 is tangent to the indifference curve IC1. Let’s say that at this point, he maximizes his utility by consuming 17 units of good X.If PX decreases from $2 to $1, his budget constraint will rotate outward until it reaches BC2 where there i s now a horizontal intercept of 100. The individual now reaches his new optimum where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to BC2 at the point B, where he maximizes his utility by consuming 28 units of good X. Using the same method as described in figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and B on figure 7. e. 3 as A’ and B’ on figure 7. e. 4. If we connect these points together, we will get the ordinary demand curve for good XIn order to obtain the compensated demand curve, we must first observe 2 effects that take place as PX increases: Substitution Effect: when Px decreases from $2 to $1, X becomes relatively cheaper than Y, so the individual will consume more X. To show the substitution effect, we must hold the individual’s utility constant. To do this, we draw a budget constraint BC3 that is parallel to BC2 and shift it down until it is just tangent to a point on his original indifference curve (IC1). This occurs at point C, where the consumer is consuming 33 units of X.The substitution effect is the movement from point A to C Income Effect: Px has decreased, so the individual’s purchasing power has increased, and thus has more money to spend on both X and Y. Because X is an inferior good, the individual will consume less as his income increases. The individual will reach an optimum at point B where he will consume 28 units of X. The income effect is the movement from point C to B To summarize, Total effect = Substitution Effect + Income Effect = A to C +C to B Using the same method as described in figure 7. . 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and C on figure 7. e. 3 as A’ and C’ on figure 7. e. 4. If we connect these points together, we will get the compensated demand curve for good X We can prove that good X is an inferior good. One way to do it is to look at Figure 7. e. 3 and notice that between points B and C, as income increases, the consumption of good X decreases, which fits the definition of an inferior good. Another way is to look at the compensated demand curve and compare it with the ordinary demand curve.The compensated demand curve in figure 7. e. 4 is flatter than the ordinary demand curve. When this condition holds, good X is an inferior good. Again, we can also use the compensated demand curve to find the compensating variation. It is the area between the two prices, and left of the compensated demand curve – it is the sum of areas S and T ——————————————————————————————————————————————– †¢ Let us now consider a price decrease for an extreme case: a giffen good.A giffen good violates the law of demand and results in an upward s loping demand curve. In Figure 7. e. 5, assume that the price of Y (PY) is $1, and that the individual has an income of $100. The initial price of X (PX) is $1, so the individual’s initial budget constraint is therefore BC1, with a vertical intercept of 100, and a horizontal intercept of 50. The individual reaches his optimum (maximizes utility) at point A, where his initial budget constraint BC1 is tangent to the indifference curve IC1. Let’s say that at this point, he maximizes his utility by consuming 37 units of good X.If PX decreases from $2 to $1, his budget constraint will rotate outward until it reaches BC2 where there is now a horizontal intercept of 100. The individual now reaches his new optimum where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to BC2 at the point B, where he maximizes his utility by consuming 30 units of good X. The total consumption of good X has actually decreased; let us decompose this. Using the same method as described in figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and B on figure 7. e. 5 as A’ and B’ on figure 7. e. 6.The shape of the ordinary demand curve for a giffen good is as follows: between the points A and B, it is upward sloping (known as the â€Å"Giffen Range†), and at any price above or below points A and B, respectively, the demand curve is downward sloping. This results in a backward-bending ordinary demand curve W In order to obtain the compensated demand curve, we must first observe 2 effects that take place as PX increases: Substitution Effect: when Px decreases from $2 to $1, X becomes relatively cheaper than Y, so the individual will consume more X. To show the substitution effect, we must hold the individual’s utility constant.To do this, we draw a budget constraint BC3 that is parallel to BC2 and shift it down until it is just tangent to a point on his original indifference curve (IC1). This occurs at point C, where the consumer is consuming 47 units of X. The sub stitution effect is the movement from point A to C Income Effect: Px has decreased, so the individual’s purchasing power has increased, and thus has more money to spend on both X and Y. Because X is a giffen good, the individual will consume less as his income increases; also note that the income effect is stronger than the substitution effect.This results in the individual reaching an optimum at point B where he will consume 30 units of X. The income effect is the movement from point C to B To summarize, Total effect = Substitution Effect + Income Effect = A to C +C to B Using the same method as described in figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and C on figure 7. e. 5 as A’ and C’ on figure 7. e. 6. If we connect these points together, we will get the compensated for good X Note that the compensated demand curve is still downward sloping.This is because the substitution effect always works in one direction, while the income effect can work in both directions Study Questions 1) Redraw figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2 for a decrease in the price of a normal good. Shade the area representing the compensation variation. 2) Redraw figure 7. e. 3 and figure 7. e. 4 for an increase in the price of an inferior good. Shade the area representing the compensation variation. 3) Redraw figure 7. e. 5 and figure 7. e. 6 for an increase in the price of a giffen good. Shade the area representing the compensation variation.

Teenagers Essays

Teenagers Essays Teenagers Essay Teenagers Essay Teenagers are a big subject of todays media. We hear about them on the radio while were driving and on the TV at home. The media represents teenagers In a way that comes across as them being reckless alcoholics who are breaking the law. This Is not always the case with the youth of today. There are many well-behaved teenagers out there. The following quote from Plato, I believe is false What is happening to our young people? They disrespect their elders, they disobey their parents. They ignore the law. They riot in the streets inflamed with wild notions. Their morals are decaying. What is to become of them Plato. As In past generations, todays young people are often Imagined as out of control deviants in need of discipline or as highly vulnerable victims susceptible to outside corrupting influences. As it turns out, todays youth are not the first to be characterized as self centered, out of control and disrespectful. Teenagers are not the first to be viewed as society moral decay. Every generation says that in their day they were better behaved than the generation after them. Each of them, from hippies to gothic teenagers to punks, has or will complain, that In my day people were more oral and young people respected their elders The news program A Current Affair covered a story about young teenage girls getting cosmetic surgery, this news report was very one sided. The program only showed us a small group of teenage girls who where not completely happy with their body and the way they look. Most teenage girls care about the way they look and want the perfect body, but they dont Just Jump Into getting surgery to change that. Firstly, Its the medias representation of teenage girls In the modern world that Is over exaggerated, and secondly only a small number of girls would actually go wrought with a really painful and money draining operation like the ones that are shown on TV programs. Most teenagers live In families were they have to act responsibly and are taught to show respect to adults and others around them. Most teenagers do their chores and look after their younger siblings. The media plays a big role in the representation of groups of people in society, especially teenagers. A lot of people find it intriguing when they see teenagers on the news getting up to no good. Many news reports are based on young people and how they wander the streets and cause riots. Most young people are blamed for everything negative that goes on in the community, when adults play a big role In this as well. Most teenagers are involved In the community and enjoy helping out. Not all young people are rebellious, alcoholics that dont have a future. Around 70% of teenagers are actively involved in community sporting and recreation groups. I believe that young people that belong to outside of school extra-curricular activities from football to dancing are more down to earth and responsible. Young have an even more responsible role to their sporting club. Belonging to a sporting lube, means you are counted on to be reliable and loyal. Each teenager in that sporting club has the role of being a leader. Another good thing about young people belonging to a sporting club, is that they are more concentrated on achieving in their sport whereas their friends go out partying every weekend. Being involved with a sporting club makes you more aware of these things and youre not only doing what you enjoy but also getting the exercise you need to stay fit and healthy. It seems that every generation thinks that the next is more out of control and morally corrupt than they were. This has been said throughout history going back sasss of years, an example of this is from the quote from Plato and this quote was from the 4th Century! All of todays youth cant be generalized into a one ball, sure there are some that are out of control but that has always been the case. People born in the asss would have been frowned upon by people born in the asss, this is how it is and always will be. Times change and people change and basically there is nothing we can do about this. Children have never been very good at listening to their elders, but they never failed to imitate them. This is a quote from James Baldwin.

For Machiavelli, how should a leader sensibly and reasonably respond Essay - 1

For Machiavelli, how should a leader sensibly and reasonably respond to an environment where events are determined in part by fortune - Essay Example Therefore, the Machiavellian approach recommends an extremely practical approach to those situations that arise from fortune; an approach that might be frowned upon in the liberal dominated world of today. Politics is essentially influenced more by fortune than by the machinations of leaders and it is because of this that, according to Machiavelli, is to create a balance between the various interests within the state so that he can have an influence on all of them (Machiavelli: 22). The result of a balancing of interests is that a leader can be able to create a political environment, which favours himself rather than his opponents. Leaders always have to be careful to ensure that more competent or popular individuals within their societies do not take their power away and this is the reason why they have to take account of all the grievances that might arise. In most cases, rivals often take advantage of situations where the leader is in a weak position in order to press their own causes and it is because of these circumstances that a leader has to always have firm control over the state. A leader has to stabilise his power through the development of an enduring political structure be cause this is the only way through which they can retain their power (Machiavelli: 17). Therefore, if a leader wishes not to leave anything to fortune, it is essential that he provide his people with the stability and security that they need to ensure that they continue their support for him. With the support of the people over whom he rules, it would be much more difficult for rivals to take advantage of the situation to either reduce his power or depose him. When a new leader comes to power, he has to ensure that he studies the political environment carefully before making any drastic changes within the society because to do so immediately might jeopardise his rule. He must first stabilise his rule through the studying of the different actors

Paraphrase the answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paraphrase the answers - Essay Example The project’s compatibility with various platforms is taken into consideration in this phase. This focuses on all the financial aspects of the project. Operational and development expenditures are assessed in order to establish the feasibility of the project and to ensure that everything runs according to the budget as well as cost competitors. The time available for project completion and project delivery are of primary concern. The analysis of time frame and project delivery is done in accordance with the project’s timeline and development time. The purpose of this project is to provide the users with various online services. The investigation was mainly conducted by the project manager with the assistance of other people. The aim of the project is to aide patients in choosing their preferred doctors as well as initiate and get appointments online. This system executes various activities of patients and also protects how doctors work. The system permits patients or users to easily identify doctors’ schedule, which helps them to settle for suitable appointment dates with the doctors. After a patient or user gets an appointment, the system then generates a tracking key that can be used in the future. The patient also gets a nod from the system upon getting an appointment. Doctors and other medical staff also have the chance to access the schedules and alter them as they deem fit. The project’s scope is to define various dimensions of the project requirements. It assess if all the project requirements have been met and explains how the system intends to operate and its security features. The login areas for doctors and patients are separate. After intensive review, my conclusion is that the system works in accordance with the users’ requirements and the entire system operations remain within the project scope. The total estimated project cost is $3500, which incorporates